Bold font indicates Nachman Research Group author.
2025
Dimopoulos EA, Collins CEF, Aziz M, Park DE, Quinlivan VH, Caballero JD, Tartof SY, HIlsabeck R, Takhar HS, Nachman KE, Aanensen DM, Liu CM, Price LB, Parkhill J. Identification of genetic determinants that drive population differentiation and host adaptation in Campylobacter jejuni in California, Microbial Genomics (2025). https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.001589
Magesh V, Rothbacher N, Comess S, Maneri E, Rodolfa K, Tartof S, Casey JA, Nachman KE, Ho DE. A Comprehensive Dataset of Factory Farms in California Compiled Using Computer Vision and Human Validation, Scientific Data (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06082-6
Lupolt SN, Etzkorn L, Huynh C, Quirós-Alcala L, DeMicco E, Woodruff TJ, Voegtline K, Nachman KE. A characterization of infants’ and children’s time-activity patterns for use in soil and dust exposure estimation, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-025-00824-9
Chatpar EA, Semba RD, Habib I, Kim BF, Sharp ES, Love DC, Lupolt SN, Thorne-Lyman AL, Rosman L, Casey JA, Lam J, Nachman KE. Health impacts associated with community exposure to animal feeding operations: a protocol for a systematic review, Evidence-Based Toxicology (2025). https://doi.org/10.1080/2833373X.2025.2492039
Robinson ES, Yassine A, Agarwal S, Tehrani MW, Lupolt SN, Chiger AA, Gigot C, Claflin MS, Lerner BM, Yacovitch TI, Rosicoli JR, Herndon SC, Avery AM, Daube C, Lunny EM, Fortner EC, Werden BS, Burke TA, Rule AM, Koehler K, Nachman KE, DeCarlo PF. Total cancer risk estimates from measured concentrations of volatile organic compounds in industrialized southeastern Louisiana. Proceedings of the National Academies of Science (2025). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2504770122
Newmeyer MN, Hey M, Love DC, Lupolt SN, Kleven M, Roach S, Prasse C, Nachman KE. Application of a Novel Method for Measuring Carbadox Residues in Retail Pork, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c08314
Lupolt SN, Lyu Q, Zheng G, Wang J, Tang S, Cho J, Huynh C, Yuille A, Voegtline K, Nachman KE. Application of a computer vision algorithm to quantify the frequency and duration of children’s microactivities in different play scenarios. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-025-00800-3
Quinlivan V, Park DE, Aziz M, Casey JA, Davis MF, Hu Q, Innes GK, Nachman KE, Nyaboe A, Pomichowski M, Rabanes HG, Roberts A, Roloff E, Takhar HS, Tartof SY, Liu C, Price LB, KP & GWU ARES team. Assessing the potential impacts of California Senate Bill 27 (SB27) on the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli from raw meat. Environmental Health Perspectives (2025). https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP16115
Newmeyer MN, Lupolt SN, Lyu Q, Nachman KE, Prasse C. Applying Nontargeted Analysis to Explore the Chemical Composition of Dust Collected in Infants’ Homes. Environmental Science & Technology (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c04164
Chiger AA, Alford E, Warren KN, Miari ES, Snyder L, Nixon T, Lightner A, Kennedy RD, Fox MA, DeCarlo PF, Nachman KE, Lupolt SN. Influences of Chemical and Nonchemical Stressors on Health and Quality of Life in Fenceline Communities: A Community-Based Participatory Research Survey in Southeastern Pennsylvania. Environmental Justice (2025). https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2024.0078
Chiger AA, Gigot C, Robinson ES, Claflin M, Fortner E, Stark H, Krechmer J, Canagaratna MR, Herndon S, Yacovitch TI, Koehler K, Rule AM, Burke TA, Fox MA, DeCarlo PF, Nachman KE. Improving Methodologies for Cumulative Risk Assessment: A Case Study of Noncarcinogenic Health Risks from Volatile Organic Compounds in Fenceline Communities in Southeastern Pennsylvania. Environmental Health Perspectives (2025). https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14696
Wang D, Kim BF, Nachman KE, Chiger AA, Herbstman J, Loladze I, Zhao F, Chen C, Gao A, Zhang J, Cai C, Song L, Shen M, Ma C, Yang X, Zhou W, Wang Y, Tang H, Jiang Y, Ding Y, Liu W, Sun J, Zhou W, Navas-Acien A, Zhu C, Ziska LH. Impact of climate change on arsenic concentrations in paddy rice and the associated dietary health risks in Asia: an experimental and modelling study. The Lancet Planetary Health (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(25)00055-5
Riess LE, Huynh BQ, Nachman KE. Aspartame exposures in the US population: Demonstration of a novel approach for exposure estimates to food additives using NHANES data. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00678-7
Lupolt SN, Kim BF, Agnew J, Ramachandran G, Burke TA, Kennedy RD, Nachman KE. Application and demonstration of meso-activity exposure factors to advance estimates of incidental soil ingestion among agricultural workers. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00671-0
Lightner A, Chiger AA, Snyder L, Warren KN, Miari ES, Nixon T, Alford E, DeCarlo PF, Fox MA, Kennedy RD, Nachman KE, Lupolt SN. Community Perspectives on the Cumulative Impacts of Chemical and Non-Chemical Stressors in Southeastern Pennsylvania. Environmental Justice (2025). https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2024.0079
Chartres N, Aung MT, Norris SL, Cooper C, Bero LA, Chou R, Payne-Sturges DC, Wagner WE, Reyes JW, Askie LM, Axelrad DA, Vigo DF, Johnston JE, Lam J, Nachman KE, Rehfuess E, Rothschild R, Sutton P, Zeise L, Woodruff TJ. Development of the Navigation Guide Evidence-to-Decision Farmework for Environmental Health: Version 1.0. Environmental Science & Technology (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c08063
2024
Chatpar EA, Habib I, Rosman L, Nachman KE, Lupolt SN. Collection of time activity data to support exposure assessment: Protocol for systematic evidence map. Evidence-Based Toxicology (2024). https://doi.org/10.1080/2833373X.2024.2338702
Marquez DR, Straily A, Nachman KE, Norris DE, Davis MF, Petersen CA. Operational Risk Assessment Tool for Evaluation Leishmania infantum Introduction and Establishment in the United States through Dog Importation. Emerging Infectious Diseases (2024). https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3012.231084
Stapleton GS, Innes GK, Nachman KE, Casey JA, Patton AN, Price LB, Tartof SY, Davis MF. Assessing the difference in contamination of retail meat with multidrug-resistant bacteria using for-consumer package label claims that indicate on-farm antibiotic use practices— United States, 2016–2019. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00649-y
Newmeyer MN, Lyu Q, Sorbus JR, Williams AJ, Nachman KE, Prasse C. Combining Nontargeted Analysis with Computer-Based Hazard Comparison Approaches to Support Prioritization of Unregulated Organic Contaminants in Biosolids. Environmental Science & Technology (2024) https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c02934
Robinson ES, Tehrani MW, Yassine A, Agarwal S, Nault BA, Gigot C, Chiger AA, Lupolt SN, Daube C, Avery AM, Claflin MS, Stark H, Lunny EM, Roscioli JR, Herndon SC, Skog K, Bent J, Koehler K, Rule AM, Burke TA, Yacovitch TI, Nachman KE, DeCarlo PF. Ethylene Oxide in Southeastern Louisiana’s Petrochemical Corridor: High Spatial Resolution Mobile Monitoring during HAP-MAP. Environmental Science & Technology (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c10579
Kim BF, Lupolt SN, Santo RE, Bachman G, Zhu X, Yang T, Fukagawa NK, Richardson ML, Green C, Phillips KM, Nachman KE. Nutrients and non-essential metals in darkibor kale grown at urban and rural farms: A pilot study. PLOS ONE (2024). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296840
Santo RE, Lupolt SN, Uhde KM, Bennaton RC, Nachman KE. From access toward sovereignty: A scoping review of municipal land access policies for urban agriculture in the United States. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2024). https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00089
Olmedo P, Chen R, Grau-Perez M, Nachman KE, Gil F, Rule AM, Navas-Acien A. Manufacturing practices as potential sources of cadmium and other relevant metals in processed meat products. Risk and nutritional assessment. Food Control (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.110225
Chiger AA, Nachman KE. Invited Perspective: Advancing Cumulative Approaches in Regulatory Decision Making. Environmental Health Perspectives (2024). https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14610
Quaade S, Casey JA, Nachman KE, Tartof SY, Ho DE. Limitations of Reporting Requirements under California’s Livestock Antimicrobial Restriction Law. Environmental Health Perspectives (2024). https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13702
Brueck CL, Xin X, Lupolt SN, Kim BF, Santo RE, Lyu Q, Williams AJ, Nachman KE, Prasse C. (Non)targeted Chemical Analysis and Risk Assessment of Organic Contaminants in Darkibor Kale Grown at Rural and Urban Farms. Environmental Science & Technology (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c09106
2023
Innes GK, Patton AN, Nachman KE, Casey JA, Stapleton GS, Abraham AG, Price LB, Tartof SY, Davis MF. Distance and destination of retail meat alter multidrug resistant contamination in the United States food system. Scientific Reports (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48197-z
Ku JH, Bruxvoort KJ, Salas SB, Varley CD, Casey JA, Raphael E, Robinson SC, Nachman KE, Lewin BJ, Contreras R, Wei RX , Pomichowski ME, Takhar HS, Tartof SY. Multi-drug resistance of Escherichia coli from outpatient uncomplicated urinary tract infections in a large U.S. integrated health care organization, Open Forum Infectious Diseases (2023) ofad287, https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofad287
Lupolt, SN, Newmeyer, MN, Lyu, Q., Prasse C, Nachman KE. Optimization of a method for collecting infant and toddler urine for non-target analysis using cotton pads and commercially available disposable diapers. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-023-00553-x
Florea A, Casey JA, Nachman K, Price LB, Pomichowski ME, Takhar HS, Quinlivan V, Childs LD, Davis MF, Wei R, Hong V, Ku JH, Liu CM, Pressman A, Robinson S, Bruxvoort KJ, Salas SB, Tartof SY. Impact of California’s Senate Bill 27 on Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection in Humans: Protocol for a Study of Methods and Baseline Data. JMIR Res Protoc 2023;12:e45109 doi: 10.2196/45109
Casey JA, Tartof SY, Davis MF, Nachman KE, Price LB, Liu C, Yu K, Gupta V, Tseng HF, Pressman AJ, Rudolph K. Impact of a statewide livestock antibiotic use policy on resistance in human urine Escherichia coli isolates: a synthetic control analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11221
Maffini MV, Rayasam SDG, Axerad DA, Birnbaum LS, Cooper C, Franjevic S, MacRoy PM, Nachman KE, Patisaul HB, Rodgers KM, Rossi MS, Schettler T, Solomon GM, Woodruff TJ. Advancing the Science on Chemical Classes. Environ Health 21 (Suppl 1), 120 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-022-00919-y
Woodruff TJ, Rayasam SDG, Axelrad DA, Koman PD, Chartres N, Bennett DH, Birnbaum LS, Brown P, Carignan CC, Cooper C, Cranor CF, Diamond ML, Franjevic S, Gartner EC, Hattis D, Hauser R, Heiger-Bernays, Joglekar R, Kam J, Levy JI, MacRoy PM, Maffini MV, Marquez EC, Morello-Frosch R, Nachman KE, Nielsen GH, Oksas C, Abrahamsson DP, Patisaul HB, Patton S, Robinson JF, Rodgers KM, Rossi MS, Rudel RA, Sass JB, Sathyanarayana S, Schettler T, Shaffer RM, Shamasunder B, Shepard PM, Shrader-Frechette K, Solomon GM, Subra WA, Vandenberg LN, Varshavsky JR, White RF, Zarker K, Zeise L. Setting a Health-Protective, Scientific Agenda for Chemical Policy: Overview and Consensus Statement. Environ Health 21 (Suppl 1), 132 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-022-00930-3
2022
Lupolt SN, Agnew J, Ramachandran G, Burke TA, Kennedy RD, Nachman KE (2022). A qualitative characterization of meso-activity factors to estimate soil exposure for agricultural workers J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-022-00484-z
Lupolt SN, Santo, RE, Kim BF, Burke TA, Nachman KE (2022). Urban soil safety policies: The next frontier for mitigating lead exposures and promoting sustainable food production. GeoHealth, 6, e2022GH000615. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GH000615
Wallinga D, Smit, LAM, Davis MF, Casey JA, Nachman KE. A Review of the Effectiveness of Current US Policies on Antimicrobial Use in Meat and Poultry Production. Curr Envir Health Rpt. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-022-00351-x
McPartland J, Shaffer RM, Fox MA, Nachman KE, Burke TA, Denison RA. Charting a Path Forward: Assessing the Science of Chemical Risk Evaluations under the Toxic Substances Control Act in the Context of Recent National Academies Recommendations. Environmental Health Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9649
2021
Innes GK, Markos A, Dalton K, Gould CA, Nachman KE, Fanzo J, Barnhill A, Frattaroli S, Davis MF. How Animal Agriculture Stakeholders Define, Perceive, and are Impacted by Antimicrobial Resistance: Challenging The Wellcome Trust’s Reframing Resistance Principles. Agriculture and Human Values. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-021-10197-y.
Lupolt SN, Agnew J, Burke TA, Kennedy RD, Nachman KE. Key considerations for assessing soil ingestion exposures among agricultural workers. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-021-00339-z.
Innes GK, Nachman KE, Abraham AG, Casey JA, Patton AN, Price LB, Tartof S, Contamination of Retail Meat Samples with Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Relation to Organic and Conventional Production and Processing: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Data from the United States National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, 2012 – 2017. Environmental Health Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7327.
De Pee S, Hardinsyah, Jalal F, Kim BF, Semba RD, Deptford A, Fanzo JC, Ramsing R, Nachman KE, McKenzie S, Bloem MW. Balancing a sustained pursuit of nutrition, health, affordability and climate goals – The case of Indonesia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 114:1686-1697. https://10.1093/ajcn/nqab258.
Bachman GH, Lupolt SN, Strauss M, Kennedy RD, Nachman KE. An examination of direct marketing channels and practices by Maryland fruit and vegetable farmers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development. https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2021.104.010.
Overbey KN, Hamra GB, Nachman KE, Rock C, Schwab KJ. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of human norovirus infection in environmental service workers due to healthcare-associated fomites. Journal of Hospital Infection. 117:52-64 https://10.1016/j.jhin.2021.08.006.
Santo RE, Lupolt SN, Kim BF, Burrows RA, Evans E, Evenson B, Synk, CM, Viqueria R, Cocke A, Little NG, Rupp V, Strauss M, Nachman KE. Characteristics and growing practices of Baltimore City urban farms and community gardens. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127357.
Lupolt SN, Santo RE, Kim, BF, Green CE, Codling EE, Rule A, Chen R, Scheckel K, Strauss M, Cocke A, Little N, Rupp V, Viqueira R, Illuminati J, Epp Schmidt A, Nachman KE. The Safe Urban Harvests study: A community-driven cross-sectional assessment of metals in soil, irrigation water, and produce from urban farms and gardens in Baltimore, MD. Environmental Health Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9431.
2020
Kim BF, Santo RE, Scatterday AP, Fry JP, Synk CM, Cebron SR, Mekonnen MM, Hoekstra AY, de Pee S, Bloem MW, Neff RA, Nachman KE. Country-specific dietary shifts to mitigate climate and water crises. Global Environmental Change. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.05.010.
Kim H , Caulfield L, Rebholz C, Ramsing R, Nachman KE. Trends in types of protein in US adolescents and children: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230686
Santo RE, Kim BF, Nachman KE. Questions and Concerns Re: Blue Water Footprints Reported in “Water Footprint of Meat Analogs: Selected Indicators According to Life Cycle Assessment” Water. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051270.
Spaur M, Davis BJK, Kivitz S, DePaola A, Bowers JC, Curriero FC, Nachman KE. A systematic review of post-harvest interventions for Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw oysters. Science of The Total Environment. https://10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140795.
Semba RD, de Pee S, Kim BF, Nachman KE, Bloem MW. Adoption of the ‘planetary health diet’ has different impacts on countries’ GHG emissions. Nature Food. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-0128-4.
Santo RE, Kim BF, Goldman SE, Dutkiewicz J, Biehl, EMB, Bloem MW, Neff RA, Nachman KE. Considering plant-based meat substitutes and cell-based meats: A public health and food systems perspective. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00134.
Kaltofen M, Nachman KE, Hattis D. Letter concerning: Clewell (2019) Incorporation of in vitro metabolism data and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in a risk assessment for chloroprene. Inhalation Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958378.2020.1806960.
Halvey M, Santo RE, Lupolt SN, Dilka T, Kim BF, Bachman G, Clark J, Nachman KE. Beyond backyard chickens: A framework for understanding municipal urban agriculture policies in the United States. Food Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.102013.
2019
Jones MR, Tellez-Plaza M, Vaidya D, Grau-Perez M, Post WS, Kaufman JD, Guallar E, Francesconi KA, Goessler W, Nachman KE, Sanchez TR, Navas-Acien A. Ethnic, geographic and dietary differences in arsenic exposure in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-018-0042-0.
Kim H , Rebholz C, Caulfield L, Ramsing R, Nachman, KE. Trends in types of protein in US adults: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2010. Public Health Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018003348.
Lam Y, Fry JP, Nachman KE. Applying an environmental public health lens to the industrialization of food animal production in ten low- and middle-income countries. Globalization and Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-019-0479-5.
2018
Poulsen MN, Pollak J, Sills DL, Casey JA, Rasmussen SG, Nachman KE, Cosgrove SE, Stewart D, Schwartz BS. Residential proximity to high-density poultry operations associated with campylobacteriosis and infectious diarrhea. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.12.005.
Poulsen MN, Pollak J, Sills DL, Casey JA, Nachman KE, Cosgrove SE, Stewart D, Schwartz BS. High-density poultry operations and community-acquired pneumonia in Pennsylvania. Environmental Epidemiology. doi: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000013.
Makary MA, Kaczmarski K, Nachman K. A call for doctors to recommend antibiotic-free foods: agricultural antibiotics and the public health crisis of antimicrobial resistance. The Journal of Antibiotics. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41429-018-0062-y.
Nachman KE, Punshon T, Rardin L, Signes-Pastor AJ, Murray CJ, Jackson BP, Guerinot ML, Burke TA, Chen CY, Ahsan H, Argos M, Cottingham KL, Cubadda F, Ginsberg GL, Goodale BC, Kurzius-Spencer M, Meharg AA, Miller MD, Nigra AE, Pendergrast CB, Raab A, Reimer K, Scheckel KG, Schwerdtle T, Taylor VF, Tokar EJ, Warczak TM, Karagas MR. Opportunities and Challenges for Dietary Arsenic Intervention. Environmental Health Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3997
2017
Nigra AE, Nachman KE, Love DC, Grau-Perez M, Navas-Acien A. Poultry Consumption and Arsenic Exposure in the U.S. Population. Environmental Health Perspectives. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP351.
Nachman KE, Love DC, Baron PA, Nigra AE, Murko M, Raber G, Francesconi KA, Navas-Acien A. Nitarsone, Inorganic Arsenic, and Other Arsenic Species in Turkey Meat: Exposure and Risk Assessment Based on a 2014 U.S. Market Basket Sample. Environmental Health Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP225.
Sheingate A, Scatterday A, Martin RP, Nachman KE. Post-Exceptionalism and Corporate Interests in U.S. Agricultural Policy. Journal of European Public Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1334082.
Nachman KE, Ginsberg GL, Miller MD, Murray CJ, Nigra AE, Prendergrast CB. Mitigating Dietary Arsenic Exposure: Current Status and Recommendations for an Improved Path Forward. Science of the Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.112.
Nachman KE, Lam J, Schinasi LH, Smith TC, Feingold BJ, Casey JA. O’Connor et al. Systematic review regarding animal feeding operations and public health: critical flaws may compromise conclusions. Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0575-7.
Moon KA, Oberoi S, Barchowsky A, Chen Y, Guallar E, Nachman KE, Rahman M, Sohel N, D’Ippoliti D, Wade TJ, James KA, Farzan SF, Karagas MR, Ahsan H, Navas-Acien A. A dose-response meta-analysis of chronic arsenic exposure and incident cardiovascular disease. International Journal of Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx202.
Nigra AE, Sanchez TR, Nachman KE, Harvey D, Chillrud SN, Graziano JH, Navas-Acien A. The effect of the Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level on arsenic exposure in the USA from 2003 to 2014: an analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Lancet Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30195-0.
Synk CM, Kim BF, Davis CA, Harding J, Rogers V, Hurley PT, Emery MR, Nachman KE. Gathering Baltimore’s Bounty: Characterizing behaviors, motivations and barriers of foragers in an urban ecosystem. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.10.007.